A recent investigation in Quebec uncovered a concerning trend: benzodiazepines — medications commonly used for sleep or anxiety — are being overprescribed. This investigation has prompted the Quebec College of Physicians to closely examine the usage of these medications.

But this issue extends beyond Quebec’s borders; across Canada, these medications are being prescribed at alarming rates.

Benzodiazepines and other sedatives are often prescribed to older adults, aged 65 and up, for sleep or anxiety problems. But long-term use poses serious risks for this age group, including memory problems, falls, and even an increased risk of death. When benzodiazepines are taken with other sedating medications, there is also an increased risk of overdose and over-sedation.

Despite these known risks, a 2022 report by the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) and Choosing Wisely Canada found that one in 12 Canadians over 65 are using these medications regularly.

The report also revealed significant variations in prescription rates across Canadian provinces and territories. For instance, in Saskatchewan, five per cent of older adults over 65 use these medications regularly compared to over 20 per cent in New Brunswick. These differences likely stem from differing prescribing habits among physicians. Initiatives such as providing feedback to doctors about their prescribing habits, as proposed by the Quebec College, can help address this issue.

The report also identified differences between groups, with women being nearly twice as likely as men to be prescribed these medications. Older women, particularly those over 90, are the most likely to be prescribed these medications, even though they are most at risk of problems.

Often, patients start these medications to address short-term sleep disturbances or anxiety. However, they may continue using them longer than recommended, leading to chronic use.

Patients may also receive these medications in the hospital to help them sleep, but this can continue even after discharged from the hospital.  There are simple and safe alternatives that exist, such as creating a healthy sleep environment, which studies show can be as effective as medications.

So, how can we ensure safer medication practices for patients?

Studies show that when patients understand the risks of prescription medications, they are less likely to take them. Patients should engage in conversations with their doctors about potential side effects and explore safer alternatives. Pharmacists can also play a crucial role in reviewing medications and identifying those that can be reduced or discontinued.

Additionally, doctors can advocate for non-medication interventions, such as lifestyle modifications, to address sleep or anxiety issues. Simple lifestyle changes, like regular exercise or better bedtime habits, can help provide relief without the use of medications. These changes are often just as — and possibly more — effective than medications.

If prescriptions are started, they should be time-limited and patients and doctors can consider whether they need to be continued.

Overprescription of risky sedative medications is a challenging and widespread issue in Canada. It’s important for health care providers, regulatory bodies that oversee clinician practice and patients to collaborate in promoting safer, more effective care for Canadians.

By raising awareness of the risks associated with these medications and encouraging open conversations between patients and healthcare providers to determine safer alternatives, we can reduce the risks and enhance the well-being of our aging vulnerable population.

Dr. Wendy Levinson is Chair of Choosing Wisely Canada and a Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto.
Dr. Christine Soong is an academic hospitalist and Associate Professor in the Division of General Internal Medicine at the University of Toronto.

This opinion editorial originally appeared in the Montreal Gazette on March 12, 2024.